DU&P JOURNAL PRESENTATION
Urban Design and Landscape, DU&P, ISSN 0717 – 9758, is an electronic publication of the Center for Architectural, Urban and Landscape Studies CEAUP, situated in the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. It is included in the record of periodic publications of Universidad Central de Chile. Published biannually in Spanish, in electronic pdf format (Portable Document Format). It has endured uninterruptedly since its inception in April 2005, and it is freely accessible on the World Wide Web at the site http://dup.ucentral.cl/. Editorial guidelines are available on the journal's website.

DU&P is indexed by:

• DOAJ, Directory of Open Access Journals.
• Latindex, Regional Online Information System for Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal.
• Sherpa/Romeo Publisher copyright policies & self-archiving.
• ISSN, International Standard Serial Number. International Centre.
• Dialnet
• MIAR, Information Matrix for Journal Analysis.
• CRUE, Conference of University Rectors Spanish.
• ROAD, Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources.
• ERIHPLUS, European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences
• ARLA, Association of Latin American Architecture Magazines
• Design Researchers Network
• Portal of Chilean Academic Journals

EDITORIAL BOARD
Legal Representative
• Patricio Silva Rojas
Presidente de la Junta Directiva de la Universidad Central de Chile..

Directors and Editors-in-Chief
• Claudia Márquez Thomas
• Marco Valencia Palacios
• Juan Pablo Astorga

EDITORIAL TEAM N° 46
• Dra. Virginia Arnet. Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Alcalá, España.
• Dr. Javier Figueroa. Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Central de Chile.
• Dra. Ximena Galleguillos. Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Chile.
• Mg. Griselda García. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina.
• Dr. José Hayakawua. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Perú.
• Profesor Martin Hoelscher. University of Applied Sciences and Art, Suiza.
• Dr. Walter Imilan. Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Central de Chile.
• Mg. Alberto Nanclares. Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
• Dr. Zysman Neiman. Universidad Federal de São Paulo, Brasil.
• Profesor Pere Sala i Martí. Observatorio del Paisaje de Cataluña, España.
• Dr. Lucas Períes. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
• Mg. Alfonso Raposo. Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Central de Chile.
• Dr. Mario Sobarzo. Departamento de Filosofía, Universidad de Santiago de Chile.
• Dr. Jorge Vergara. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile.
• Dra. Ana María Wegmann. Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Central de Chile.

DU&P ASSESSORS
• Max Aguirre. Arquitecto Universidad de Chile. Doctor en Arquitectura Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Académico FAU, Universidad de Chile.
• Sergio Alvarado. Profesor de Matemáticas Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación de Chile. Doctor en Bioestadística, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Académico Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile.
• Silvina Barraud. Arquitecta Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Doctora (c) en Arquitectura, Universidad de Mendoza. Académica FAUD, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.
• Simón Castillo. Licenciado en Historia y Doctor en Arquitectura y Estudios Urbanos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Académico investigador FINARQ, Universidad Central de Chile
• Sergio Castro. Biólogo. Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas mención Ecología. Académico Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile.
• María Victoria Correa. Arquitecta Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Doctora en Conservación de Bienes Arquitectónicos Politécnico de Milán. Académica FARAC, Universidad de Santiago de Chile.
• Leonardo Cortés Estay. Arquitecto Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. Magíster en Desarrollo Urbano Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Académico FINARQ, Universidad Central de Chile.
• Eugenio Ferrer. Arquitecto Universidad de Chile. Magíster en Artes, con mención en Teoría e Historia del Arte, Universidad de Chile. Académico Facultad de Arquitectura y Artes, Universidad Austral de Chile.
• Claudio Galeno. Arquitecto Universidad Católica del Norte. Máster y Doctor en Teoría e Historia de la Arquitectura Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. Académico Universidad Católica del Norte.
• Rodrigo García A. Arquitecto Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Doctor en Arquitectura Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. Académico FARCODI, Universidad del Bío-Bío.
• Miguel García Corrales. Arquitecto del Paisaje Universidad Central de Chile. Máster en Dirección y Gestión Turística Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona y Máster en Cultura Científica y de la Innovación Universidad de Oviedo. Académico FINARQ, Universidad Central de Chile.
• Aldo Hidalgo. Arquitecto Universidad de Chile. Doctor en Filosofía con mención en Estética y Teoría del Arte Universidad de Chile. Académico FARAC, Universidad de Santiago USACH.
• Gerson Mac Lean. Arquitecto Universidad La República. Diploma de Estudios Especializados (DES) y Complementarios (DEC) en Ciencias Aplicadas Orientación en Urbanismo y Desarrollo Territorial, Universidad Católica de Lovaina. Académico Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana de Chile.
• Raúl Olguín. Licenciado en Historia de la Universidad de Chile. Magíster en Sociología de la Universidad Alberto Hurtado. Académico FARAC, Universidad de Santiago USACH.
• María Isabel Pavez. Arquitecta Universidad de Chile. Doctora en Arquitectura y Urbanismo Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
• Janet Pérez. Geógrafa Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Magíster en Geografía Universidad de Chile. Académica FINARQ, Universidad Central de Chile.
• Marcelo Reyes Busch. Arquitecto Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Magíster en Educación Universitaria, Universidad Central de Chile. Académico Universidad Central de Chile, UTEM, Universidad del Desarrollo y Universidad San Sebastián.
• Ricardo Riveros. Arquitecto del Paisaje INACAP. Doctor (c) en Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Académico FINARQ, Universidad Central de Chile.
• Verónica Saud Casanova. Arquitecta Universidad Central de Chile. Doctora en Development Planning London’s Global University UCL. Académica FINARQ, Universidad Central de Chile.
• Charif Tala. Médico Veterinario Universidad de Chile. Departamento de Conservación de Especies, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Chile.

GRAPHIC DESIGN: Sebastián Chandía.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION: Patricio De Stefani.
STYLE CORRECTION: Matías Sánchez.

JOURNAL CONTACT
Postal Address: Central University of Chile. School of Architecture and Landscape. Av. Santa Isabel 1186 5th Floor. Commune of Santiago. Santiago de Chile. Official contact email with readers: ceaup@ucentral.cl

Editorial

We have titled the current issue 46 of DU&P journal “Symbolic Spaces”. We refer here to the contributions of environmental psychology to understand the symbolic aspect of space in its double perspective: the symbolic, as a property of space itself and its characteristics, or else, space as a binder of socially determined meanings by the community it represents. Several articles in this issue dialogue with this concept and, in particular, with the ideas of Enric Pol (1997) on a priori and a posteriori symbolisms of space. Pol argues that the symbolic aspect of space can be imposed by dominant powers, being in line with their institutional political ideology (a priori symbolism); and that said meaning can later –or not– be reworked in a communitarian social construction between the individuals who use said space or relate to it, through a process of spatial appropriation (a posteriori symbolism). In this way, government entities signify public spaces, or the objects contained within them, with hegemonic power narratives, whether inclusive, such as the exaltation of their political projects (commemorative monuments) or the construction of national imaginaries (valorisation of heritage), or exclusive, as a response to regional “security” contingencies (migrant population). The reworking of these symbolic aspects by societies, in processes that are equally dynamic over time, allows us to understand their legitimate permanence over time, or, conversely, the expiration of their message (ephemeral monuments). In the understanding that a priori symbolism can create spaces of fear and insecurity, spaces devoid of symbolism, uses and intentions can also acquire this burden for vulnerable social groups, requiring new interventions through their social re-signification and reappropriation. The research presented here directly or indirectly addresses these spatial symbolisms, from their elaborations in specific sociopolitical contexts to their results in the perception and habitability of territories. 

URBAN AND TERRITORY STUDIES

In this section we address different views and issues around the territory and landscape from the field of Urban Studies, with emphasis on the cultural and societal dimensions of spatial and symbolic production.

In “Emergency Architecture for the Transient Habitability of Migrants: The Case of Iquique (Northern Chile),” authors Cristina Gómez Johnson and Ludmilla Santos de Aquino explore a relevant and complex topic, namely, the government’s response to the transient habitability of migrant populations arriving in northern Chile through unauthorized crossings, understood as basic humanitarian assistance. Combining anthropological and architectural perspectives, the authors critically analyze the temporary emergency border camps of migration programs, especially the cases of Colchane and Lobitos (Tarapacá Region), revealing a standardized infrastructure that is deficient in terms of habitability, permanence, and social inclusion, and that responds to government criteria of only “momentary” emergency and securitization. In this light, other non-functionalist ways of understanding this architectural space and its inhabitation are examined, as well as the solutions proposed by ephemeral architecture to meet the needs of a dignified habitability in accordance with the transience (migratory intention) of a vulnerable population.

CITY AND POLITICS

The city expresses a set of phenomena of diverse nature, both social and political, where the ideological dimension manages to crystallize in dynamics of a normative, instrumental, material and spatial order. Both public policies and citizen action appear in this area together with critical theory, aesthetics or political philosophy.

The text by María Victoria Correa, Liuba Alberti, Carlos Muñoz and Luis Poo analyses the first processes of declaration and restoration of historical monuments in Chile between 1925 and 1954, a period that goes from the creation of the CMN (National Monuments Council) and its first legal body of conservation to the end of this first series of State actions. It describes the motivations and criteria that guided the declaration or restoration of 39 monuments, following the then prevailing logic of attributing an exceptional, monumental and punctual heritage value by experts. It shows that these monuments correspond mostly to colonial buildings, both religious and military, with historical and artistic values, concentrated in the northern and southern parts of the country. In this way, its listing as heritage would be part of the process of constructing a nationalist ideology, typical of the early days of a Chilean republic that sought to incorporate into the territory and national memory the events associated with its construction and the new provinces annexed to the country, a century and a few decades after its independence. Thus, they highlight the role of heritage architecture as a symbol in the construction of a nation and its imaginary identity.

In his article “The Cutzamala Plan Fountain: an ephemeral monument to the irrigation of Mexico City,” Aldo Solano takes us back to the symbolism of public monuments, reconstructing the history of the creation, in 1982, of the Cutzamala Fountain in Mexico City. The fountain, conceived by the government to commemorate the inauguration of the Cutzamala water pumping system for the Federal District, is situated by the author in a century-old tradition of commemorating state hydraulic works in the capital’s public space, this time only for decorative purposes. The work, both monumental and ephemeral, which was removed after 10 years, became an atypical aesthetic object in the urban landscape of the emblematic Paseo de la Reforma, due to its scale, its abstract and brutalist style, its high cost and its novel and excessive introduction of water, in a country context of economic crisis, areas without water supply and an authoritarian government. These aspects, as well as the hydraulic work it commemorated, were criticized in the press of the time, emphasizing its status as a highly politicized monument that did not connect with the collective imagination of citizens.

Closing this section, Leyda Rondón offers us in her work a look at the organizational structure of Latin American municipalities or local entities, whose deficiencies she identifies as one of the main aspects that hinder efficient local public management. To this end, she provides some topics to consider a proposal for a non-linear organizational structure that reduces the gap between planning and effective execution of public policies, integrates team functions, optimizes operational efficiency and strengthens internal communication and coordination, as well as transparency, sustainability and citizen participation. Likewise, she analyses the importance of the types of management to be implemented, with an emphasis on the synergy of three dimensions of municipal local management and their interrelations: urban, political, and territorial management.

URBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS

We conceive of the city as an order in constant transformation and dispute. Its design would come to embody the various conceptions, representations and aspirations of making the city and architecture. Authors debate project and design theories in this thoughtful effort for different scales of intervention..

In the manuscript “Mapping paths: experiences and perceptions of fear and insecurity”, the authors Olivia Fox, Nathaly Contreras and Amira Corio analyze the public space of La Serena city (Chile) as a place that exposes the female body to experiences of insecurity and violence due to sexual and verbal harassment, with its consequent effect on the quality of life and mobility of urban dwelling. To this line of research, which has developed strongly in recent years, the authors, based on previous references, contribute the originality of a double teaching perspective, both in the evaluative aspect of the spatial experiences in journeys to and from the university educational space of academics, officials and students, as well as in a project facet of specific urban intervention proposals, with a focus on gender and inclusion, carried out by architecture students, in the face of perceptions of insecurity correlated with a deficient urban design in infrastructure for care and security.

Additionally, this issue includes CEAUP NEWS and PUBLICATION REVIEW sections.

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